Clinical features and prognostic implications of TCF3-PBX1 and ETV6-RUNX1 in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

BACKGROUND The t(9;22) and t(4;11) chromosomal translocations, which generate the BCR-ABL and MLL-AF4 fusion genes, define high-risk subtypes of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in adults. However, the prognostic impact of other rarer fusion genes is less well established in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia than in the childhood form. DESIGN AND METHODS In the context of the German Multicenter Therapy Study Group for Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (GMALL) we used reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction to investigate 441 cases of BCR-ABL- and MLL-AF4-negative B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia for the TCF3-PBX1 (E2A-PBX1) and ETV6-RUNX1 (TEL-AML1) fusion transcripts generated by the t(1;19)(q23;p13.3) and t(12;21)(p13;q22) translocations. Both are well-known molecular alterations in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia in which they have favorable prognostic implications. RESULTS We identified 23 adult patients with TCF3-PBX1 and ten with ETV6-RUNX1. In contrast to previous reports we found no significant difference in overall survival between TCF3-PBX1-positive and -negative patients. At 2 years after diagnosis all the ETV6-RUNX1-positive patients were alive and in continuous complete remission, but their long-term outcome was negatively affected by late relapses. TCF3-PBX1-positive patients exhibited a characteristic CD34(-)/CD33(-) and mostly cyIg(+) immunophenotype. ETV6-RUNX1 only occurred in patients under 35 years old and was associated with a significantly lower white blood count. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to previous suggestions, adult patients with TCF3-PBX1-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia do not appear to have a worse outcome than their negative counterparts. ETV6-RUNX1-positive patients had a very favorable performance status during the first few years but their long-term survival was negatively affected by late relapses. Both groups of patients are characterized by distinct clinicobiological features which facilitate their diagnostic identification.